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Prophet, loftier priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions

Aaron
Aaron (Kirillo-Belozersk).jpg

Russian icon of Aaron from the 17th century
Prophet, High Priest
Venerated in Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Baháʼí Faith
Banquet Latin Church: July 1
The Sunday before Nascence (Sun of the Holy Fathers of the Old Testament) (Eastern Orthodox Church building)
Maronite Church: September 4

Co-ordinate to the Abrahamic religions, Aaron [note ane] ( or ; Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן 'Ahărōn)[3] was a prophet, high priest, and the elder brother of Moses.[iv] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Quran.

The Hebrew Bible relates that, different Moses, who grew upward in the Egyptian regal courtroom, Aaron and his elder sis Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-state of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king virtually the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother's spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh (Exodus 7:one). Office of the Police given to Moses at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the get-go High Priest of the Israelites.[10]

Aaron died before the Israelites crossed the Jordan river. According to the Book of Numbers, he died and was buried on Mountain Hor,[11] [12] Deuteronomy however places these events at Moserah.[11] [thirteen] Aaron is besides mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible (Luke, Acts, and Hebrews).[14] [15] [xvi]

Biblical narrative [edit]

Aaron depicted by Jacques Bergé

Moses and Aron earlier Paraoh

According to the Volume of Exodus, Aaron first functioned as Moses' assistant. Because Moses complained that he could not speak well, God appointed Aaron equally Moses' "prophet" (Exodus four:10-17; 7:1).[note 2] At the command of Moses, he let his rod plow into a serpent.[17] So he stretched out his rod in club to bring on the showtime three plagues.[18] [xix] [20] After that, Moses tended to act and speak for himself.[21] [22] [23]

During the journey in the wilderness, Aaron was not always prominent or agile. At the boxing with Amalek, he was chosen with Hur to support the hand of Moses that held the "rod of God".[24] When the revelation was given to Moses at Mountain Sinai, he headed the elders of Israel who accompanied Moses on the way to the summit. While Joshua went with Moses to the top, nevertheless, Aaron and Hur remained beneath to look after the people.[25] From here on in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers, Joshua appears in the office of Moses' assistant while Aaron functions instead as the first loftier priest.

Loftier Priest [edit]

The books of Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers maintain that Aaron received from God a monopoly over the priesthood for himself and his male person descendants.[26] The family of Aaron had the exclusive right and responsibility to make offerings on the altar to Yahweh. The rest of his tribe, the Levites, were given subordinate responsibilities within the sanctuary.[27] Moses anointed and consecrated Aaron and his sons to the priesthood, and arrayed them in the robes of office.[28] He as well related to them God's detailed instructions for performing their duties while the balance of the Israelites listened.[29] Aaron and his successors as high priest were given control over the Urim and Thummim past which the volition of God could be determined.[30] [1] God commissioned the Aaronide priests to distinguish the holy from the common and the clean from the unclean, and to teach the divine laws (the Torah) to the Israelites.[31] The priests were also commissioned to bless the people.[32] [33] [34] When Aaron completed the chantry offerings for the beginning time and, with Moses, "blessed the people: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the people: And at that place came a fire out from before the 50ORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat [which] when all the people saw, they shouted, and barbarous on their faces".[35] [36] In this mode, the institution of the Aaronide priesthood was established.[37]

In after books of the Hebrew Bible, Aaron and his kin are not mentioned very often except in literature dating to the Babylonian captivity and after. The books of Judges, Samuel and Kings mention priests and Levites, but practice non mention the Aaronides in particular. The Volume of Ezekiel, which devotes much attention to priestly matters, calls the priestly upper class the Zadokites after i of King David's priests.[1] It does reflect a two-tier priesthood with the Levites in subordinate position. A two-tier hierarchy of Aaronides and Levites appears in Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles. As a result, many historians think that Aaronide families did not control the priesthood in pre-exilic Israel. What is clear is that loftier priests claiming Aaronide descent dominated the Second Temple menses.[38] Most scholars remember the Torah reached its terminal form early in this menstruation, which may account for Aaron's prominence in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers.

Conflicts [edit]

Aaron plays a leading role in several stories of conflicts during Israel'south wilderness wanderings. During the prolonged absence of Moses on Mountain Sinai, the people provoked Aaron to make a golden calf[39] This incident well-nigh caused God to destroy the Israelites.[40] Moses successfully intervened, but then led the loyal Levites in executing many of the culprits; a plague afflicted those who were left.[41] Aaron, still, escaped punishment for his role in the affair, because of the intercession of Moses according to Deuteronomy nine:20.[42] Later on retellings of this story about always excuse Aaron for his function.[43] For example, in rabbinic sources[44] [45] and in the Quran, Aaron was not the idol-maker and upon Moses' return begged his pardon because he felt mortally threatened by the Israelites.[46]

On the day of Aaron'southward consecration, his oldest sons, Nadab and Abihu, were burned up past divine burn down because they offered "foreign" incense.[47] Most interpreters call up this story reflects a conflict betwixt priestly families some time in Israel's past. Others contend that the story simply shows what tin can happen if the priests exercise not follow God's instructions given through Moses.[43]

The Torah generally depicts the siblings, Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, as the leaders of Israel later the Exodus, a view as well reflected in the biblical Book of Micah.[48] Numbers 12, nonetheless, reports that on one occasion, Aaron and Miriam complained about Moses' sectional merits to be the 50ORD's prophet.[49] Their presumption was rebuffed by God who affirmed Moses' uniqueness as the one with whom the LORD spoke face to face. Miriam was punished with a pare disease (tzaraath) that turned her skin white. Aaron pleaded with Moses to intercede for her, and Miriam, subsequently 7 days' quarantine, was healed. Aaron once again escaped any retribution.

According to Numbers sixteen–17, a Levite named Korah led many in challenging Aaron's exclusive claim to the priesthood. When the rebels were punished by beingness swallowed up by the world,[50] Eleazar, the son of Aaron, was deputed to take charge of the censers of the dead priests. And when a plague broke out among the people who had sympathized with the rebels, Aaron, at the control of Moses, took his censer and stood between the living and the dead till the plague abated (Numbers sixteen:36, 17:1).

To emphasize the validity of the Levites' claim to the offerings and tithes of the Israelites, Moses collected a rod from the leaders of each tribe in State of israel and laid the twelve rods overnight in the tent of meeting. The side by side morning, Aaron'south rod was found to accept budded and blossomed and produced ripe almonds.[51] [52] The following chapter then details the distinction between Aaron'south family and the rest of the Levites: while all the Levites (and merely Levites) were devoted to the care of the sanctuary, accuse of its interior and the chantry was committed to the Aaronites lonely.[53]

Death [edit]

Aaron, similar Moses, was non permitted to enter Canaan with the Israelites[xi] because the two brothers showed impatience at Meribah (Kadesh) in the last year of the desert pilgrimage,[54] when Moses brought water out of a rock to quench the people's thirst. Although they had been commanded to speak to the rock, Moses struck it with the staff twice, which was construed equally displaying a lack of deference to the LORD.[11] [55]

In that location are two accounts of the death of Aaron in the Torah.[11] Numbers says that soon subsequently the incident at Meribah, Aaron with his son Eleazar and Moses ascended Mountain Hor. There Moses stripped Aaron of his priestly garments and transferred them to Eleazar. Aaron died on the tiptop of the mountain, and the people mourned for him xxx days.[56] [11] [57] [58] The other account is institute in Deuteronomy x:6, where Aaron died at Moserah and was buried.[11] [59] There is a pregnant amount of travel betwixt these two points, as the itinerary in Numbers 33:31–37 records seven stages between Moseroth (Mosera) and Mount Hor.[xi] [60] Aaron died on the 1st of Av and was 123 at the time of his death.[61] [62] [63]

Descendants [edit]

Aaron married Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab and sis of Nahshon of the tribe of Judah.[64] The sons of Aaron were Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar and Itamar;[note 3] only the latter two had progeny. A descendant of Aaron is an Aaronite, or Kohen, meaning Priest.[66] [67] Whatsoever non-Aaronic Levite—i.e., descended from Levi but not from Aaron[68]—assisted the Levitical priests of the family of Aaron in the care of the tabernacle; later of the temple.[annotation 4]

The Gospel of Luke records that both Zechariah and Elizabeth and therefore their son John the Baptist were descendants of Aaron.[69]

Family unit tree [edit]

Jacob Leah
Levi
Gershon Kehath Merari
Libni Shimei Izhar Hebron Uzziel Mahli Mushi
Jochebed Amram Mishael Elzaphan Zithri
Miriam Aaron Moses Zipporah
Gershom Eliezer

Historicity [edit]

In religious traditions [edit]

Jewish rabbinic literature [edit]

The older prophets and prophetical writers beheld in their priests the representatives of a religious form inferior to the prophetic truth; men without the spirit of God and lacking the will-power requisite to resist the multitude in its idolatrous proclivities.[seventy] Thus Aaron, the start priest, ranks below Moses: he is his mouthpiece, and the executor of the will of God revealed through Moses, although information technology is pointed out[71] that it is said xv times in the Torah that "the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron."

Under the influence of the priesthood that shaped the destinies of the nation nether Persian dominion, a different platonic of the priest was formed, according to Malachi 2:4-7, and the prevailing tendency was to identify Aaron on a footing equal with Moses.[seventy] "At times Aaron, and at other times Moses, is mentioned kickoff in Scripture—this is to evidence that they were of equal rank," says the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, which strongly implies this when introducing in its record of renowned men the glowing description of Aaron'south ministration.[70]

In fulfillment of the promise of peaceful life, symbolized by the pouring of oil upon his caput,[72] Aaron's decease, every bit described in the aggadah, was of a wonderful tranquillity.[63] Accompanied by Moses, his blood brother, and by Eleazar, his son, Aaron went to the summit of Mountain Hor, where the rock of a sudden opened earlier him and a beautiful cavern lit by a lamp presented itself to his view. Moses said, "Take off your priestly raiment and identify it upon your son Eleazar! and and so follow me."[63] Aaron did as commanded; and they entered the cave, where was prepared a bed around which angels stood. "Go lie down upon thy bed, my blood brother," Moses connected; and Aaron obeyed without a murmur.[63] Then his soul departed as if by a kiss from God. The cave closed behind Moses as he left; and he went down the hill with Eleazar, with garments hire, and crying: "Alas, Aaron, my brother! one thousand, the pillar of supplication of State of israel!"[63] When the Israelites cried in bewilderment, "Where is Aaron?" angels were seen carrying Aaron's bier through the air.[63] A vocalism was then heard proverb: "The constabulary of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was non found on his lips: he walked with me in righteousness, and brought many back from sin"[73] [63] He died on the first of Av.[62] [63] The colonnade of cloud which proceeded in front of State of israel'due south camp disappeared at Aaron's decease.[62] [63] The seeming contradiction between Numbers 20:22 et seq. and Deuteronomy x:half-dozen is solved by the rabbis in the following manner: Aaron's death on Mount Hor was marked past the defeat of the people in a war with the male monarch of Arad, in consequence of which the Israelites fled, marching seven stations backward to Mosera, where they performed the rites of mourning for Aaron; wherefore it is said: "At that place [at Mosera] died Aaron."[63] [note 5]

The rabbis particularly praise the brotherly sentiment between Aaron and Moses. When Moses was appointed ruler and Aaron high priest, neither betrayed whatsoever jealousy; instead they rejoiced in each other'southward greatness. When Moses at showtime declined to get to Pharaoh, saying: "O my Lord, send, I pray, by the hand of him whom you lot will ship",[74] he was unwilling to deprive Aaron of the high position the latter had held for and so many years; but the Lord reassured him, saying: "Behold, when he sees you lot, he volition be glad in his heart."[75] [63] Indeed, Aaron was to find his reward, says Shimon bar Yochai; for that heart which had leaped with joy over his younger brother'southward rising to glory greater than his was busy with the Urim and Thummim, which were to "be upon Aaron'southward center when he goeth in before the Lord".[76] [63] Moses and Aaron met in gladness of center, kissing each other every bit truthful brothers,[77] and of them it is written: "Behold how good and how pleasant [it is] for brethren to dwell together in unity!"[78] [63] Of them information technology is said: "Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed [each other]";[79] for Moses stood for righteousness[80] and Aaron for peace.[81] Once more, mercy was personified in Aaron, according to Deuteronomy 33:8, and truth in Moses, according to Numbers 12:seven.[63] [82]

When Moses poured the oil of anointment upon the head of Aaron, Aaron modestly shrank dorsum and said: "Who knows whether I have not cast some blemish upon this sacred oil then as to forfeit this high part." Then the Shekhinah spoke the words: "Behold the precious ointment upon the caput, that ran down upon the beard of Aaron, that even went down to the skirts of his garment, is as pure as the dew of Hermon."[83] [63] [84]

According to Tanhuma,[85] Aaron's activity as a prophet began earlier than that of Moses.[70] Hillel held Aaron up as an example, saying: "Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace; love your beau creatures and draw them nigh unto the Law!"[86] [ better source needed ] This is further illustrated by the tradition[87] that Aaron was an ideal priest of the people, far more beloved for his kindly ways than was Moses.[11] While Moses was stern and uncompromising, brooking no wrong, Aaron went about as peacemaker, reconciling homo and wife when he saw them estranged, or a human with his neighbor when they quarreled, and winning evil-doers dorsum into the right way by his friendly intercourse.[88] Equally a outcome, Aaron'south death was more intensely mourned than Moses': when Aaron died the whole house of State of israel wept, including the women,[89] [63] [90] while Moses was bewailed by "the sons of Israel" only.[91] [63] [92] Even in the making of the Aureate Calf the rabbis find extenuating circumstances for Aaron.[63] [93] His fortitude and silent submission to the will of God on the loss of his 2 sons are referred to as an excellent example to men how to glorify God in the midst of corking affliction.[63] [94] Peculiarly significant are the words represented as being spoken by God after the princes of the Twelve Tribes had brought their dedication offerings into the newly reared Tabernacle: "Say to thy brother Aaron: Greater than the gifts of the princes is thy gift; for thou art called upon to kindle the calorie-free, and, while the sacrifices shall concluding merely as long as the Temple lasts, thy lite shall final forever."[63] [95]

Christianity [edit]

In the Eastern Orthodox and Maronite churches, Aaron is venerated equally a saint whose banquet twenty-four hours is shared with his brother Moses and historic on September 4. (Those churches that follow the traditional Julian calendar celebrate this day on September 17 of the modern Gregorian calendar). Aaron is as well commemorated with other Old Testament saints on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers, the Sunday before Christmas.

Aaron is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Agenda of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church building on July thirty. He is commemorated on July 1 in the modern Latin calendar and in the Syriac Agenda.

Latter-mean solar day Saints [edit]

In The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Aaronic order is the lesser order of priesthood, comprising the grades (from lowest to highest) of deacon, teacher, and priest. The chief function of the Aaronic priesthood is the presiding bishopric;[96] the caput of the priesthood is the bishop. Each ward includes a quorum of one or more of each part of the Aaronic priesthood.[97]

In the Customs of Christ, the Aaronic order of priesthood is regarded every bit an bagginess to the Melchisedec order, and consists of the priesthood offices of deacon, teacher, and priest. While differing in responsibilities, these offices, forth with those of the Melchisidec gild, are regarded every bit equal before God.

Islam [edit]

Aaron (Standard arabic: هارون, Hārūn) is mentioned in the Quran as a prophet of God.[98] The Quran praises Aaron repeatedly, calling him a "assertive servant"[99] as well as i who was "guided"[100] and one of the "victors".[101] Aaron is of import in Islam for his role in the events of the Exodus, in which, according to the Quran and Islamic belief, he preached with his elder brother, Moses to the Pharaoh of the Exodus.[102] [103]

Aaron's significance in Islam, however, is not limited to his function as the helper of Moses. Islamic tradition also accords Aaron the office of a patriarch, as tradition records that the priestly descent came through Aaron'due south lineage, which included the unabridged House of Amran.[note 6] [notation 7]

Baháʼí Faith [edit]

In the Baháʼí Faith, although his father is described as both an apostle and a prophet, Aaron is merely described every bit a prophet. The Kitáb-i-Íqán describes Imran as his father.[106] [107]

In fine art [edit]

Aaron appears paired with Moses frequently in Jewish and Christian art, particularly in the illustrations of manuscript and printed Bibles.[108] He can normally be distinguished by his priestly vestments, especially his turban or miter and jeweled breastplate. He frequently holds a censer or, sometimes, his flowering rod. Aaron likewise appears in scenes depicting the wilderness Tabernacle and its altar, equally already in the 3rd-century frescos in the synagogue at Dura-Europos in Syria. An eleventh-century portable silver altar from Fulda, Frg depicts Aaron with his conscience, and is located in the Musée de Cluny in Paris. This is also how he appears in the frontispieces of early on printed Passover Haggadot and occasionally in church sculptures. Aaron has rarely been the subject of portraits, such as those by Anton Kern [1710–1747] and by Pier Francesco Mola [c. 1650].[109] Christian artists sometimes portray Aaron as a prophet[110] holding a scroll, as in a twelfth-century sculpture from the Cathedral of Noyon in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and often in Eastern Orthodox icons. Illustrations of the Gilt Calf story usually include him besides – nearly notably in Nicolas Poussin'due south The Adoration of the Golden Calf (ca. 1633–34, National Gallery, London).[111] Finally, some artists interested in validating later priesthoods take painted the ordination of Aaron and his sons (Leviticus 8). Harry Anderson's realistic portrayal is ofttimes reproduced in the literature of the Latter Twenty-four hour period Saints.[note 8] [108]

See also [edit]

  • Harun
  • Moses in rabbinic literature
  • Y-chromosomal Aaron

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן ′aharon,[1] Arabic: هارون, romanized: Hārūn , Greek (Septuagint): Ἀαρών; often called Aaron the priest (אֵהֲרֹן הֵכֹּהֵן‎) and in one case Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי‎) (Exodus 4:xiv).[two]
  2. ^ He spoke and acted on behalf of Moses with the Egyptian regal court, including performing miraculous "signs" to validate Moses' mission.
  3. ^ Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron. The sons of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.[65]
  4. ^ According to Samaritan sources, a civil war once broke out between the sons of Itamar Eli (Bible) and the sons of Phineas (son of Eleazar) that resulted in a segmentation of those who followed Eli and those who followed High Priest Uzzi ben Bukki at Mount Gerizim Bethel. (A tertiary group followed neither.) Ironically, and likewise according to Samaritan sources, the high priests' line of the sons of Phineas died out in 1624 CE with the death of the 112th High Priest, Shlomyah ben Pinhas, at which time the priesthood was transferred to the sons of Itamar. See commodity Samaritan for list of High Priests from 1613 to 2004—the 131st high priest of the Samaritans is Elazar ben Tsedaka ben Yitzhaq. Also see article, Samaritan
  5. ^ See Mekhilta, Beshallaḥ, Vayassa, 1; Tanhuma, Hukkat, 18; Yerushalmi Sotah, 1 17c, and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Numbers and Deuteronomy on the to a higher place mentioned passages.
  6. ^ All commentators, classical and mod, concur that the Quranic House of Amran refers to Imrān's lineage, through his son Aaron. (cf. Muhammad Asad, Yusuf 'Ali and Ibn Kathir's commentary on Q. 19:28)[104]
  7. ^ "In the second grouping, nosotros have the great founders of families, apart from Abraham, viz., Noah of the time of the Overflowing; David and Solomon, the real establishers of the Jewish monarchy; Job, who lived 140 years, saw 4 generations of descendants, and was blessed at the end of his life with big pastoral wealth (Job 42:xvi,12); Joseph, who as Minister of State did neat things in Egypt and was the progenitor of two Tribes; and Moses and Aaron, the leaders of the Exodus from Arab republic of egypt. They led active lives and chosen 'doers of good.'"[105]
  8. ^ Harry Anderson'southward Aaron Is Chosen to the Ministry building is in the Conference Center of the LDS Church building in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Olson 2000, pp. one–2
  2. ^ Exodus iv:14
  3. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN9781405881180
  4. ^ Ibn Hisham 1967, p. 604; §=897
  5. ^ Exodus vi:16-20, vii:seven
  6. ^ Quran 7:103-156
  7. ^ Quran 19:41-53
  8. ^ Quran 20:9-98
  9. ^ Quran 28:34
  10. ^ Rockwood 2007, p. i
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i McCurdy 1906, p. 3
  12. ^ Numbers 20:22, 33:38)
  13. ^ Deuteronomy 10:6
  14. ^ (Luke i:five
  15. ^ Acts vii:40
  16. ^ Hebrews 5:4, vii:11, 9:iv)
  17. ^ Exodus vii:ix, New Revised Standard Version
  18. ^ Exodus seven:19 HE, Exodus 8:1,12.
  19. ^ Exodus eight:1, HE
  20. ^ Exodus 8:12HE
  21. ^ Exodus ix:23 HE
  22. ^ Exodus ten:13 HE
  23. ^ Exodus 10:22 HE
  24. ^ Exodus 17:9
  25. ^ KJV
  26. ^ Exodus 28:one
  27. ^ Numbers 3
  28. ^ Leviticus 8; cf. Exodus 28–29
  29. ^ Leviticus 1–7, eleven–27
  30. ^ Exodus 28:30
  31. ^ Leviticus 10:10-11
  32. ^ Numbers 6:22-27
  33. ^ Mariottini 2006
  34. ^ Numbers six:22–27
  35. ^ Leviticus nine:23-24
  36. ^ Leviticus 9:23–24
  37. ^ Souvay 1913, p. vii
  38. ^ VanderKam 2004[ page needed ]
  39. ^ Exodus 32:1-six
  40. ^ Exodus 32:10
  41. ^ KJV
  42. ^ KJV
  43. ^ a b Watts 2011
  44. ^ Talmud Shabbat 99a
  45. ^ Exodus Rabbah 41
  46. ^ Quran vii:142-152
  47. ^ Leviticus 10:1
  48. ^ Micah half dozen:4
  49. ^ Numbers 12
  50. ^ KJV
  51. ^ Numbers 17:8
  52. ^ Mays 2000, p. 177
  53. ^ Numbers 18:1
  54. ^ Numbers 20:12-13
  55. ^ Numbers xx:7
  56. ^ Numbers xx:22-29; compare 33:38-39)
  57. ^ Numbers 20:22
  58. ^ Numbers 33:38
  59. ^ Deuteronomy 10:6
  60. ^ Numbers 33:31
  61. ^ Gutstein 1997, p. 3
  62. ^ a b c according to Seder Olam Rabbah 9, Rosh Hashana ii, 3a
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l thou due north o p q r southward t Kohler 1906, p. 4
  64. ^ Exodus 6:23
  65. ^ 1 Chronicles 24:1
  66. ^ Steinmetz 2005, p. 95
  67. ^ Freedman, Brook & Myers 2000, p. 1
  68. ^ Harbour, Reed & Tinsley 2005, pp. 47–48
  69. ^ Luke 1:5
  70. ^ a b c d Kohler 1906, p. iii
  71. ^ Sifra, Wa-yiḳra, i
  72. ^ Leviticus Rabbah 10, Midrash Tehillim 133:i
  73. ^ Malachi 2:vi
  74. ^ Exodus four:xiii
  75. ^ Exodus 4:fourteen
  76. ^ Canticles Rabbah 1:10
  77. ^ Exodus 4:27; compare Vocal of Songs 8:ane
  78. ^ Psalm 133:1
  79. ^ Psalm 85:10
  80. ^ Deuteronomy 33:21
  81. ^ Malachi two:6
  82. ^ (Tanhuma, Shemot, ed. Buber, 24-26)
  83. ^ Psalm 133:2–3
  84. ^ Sifra, Shemini, Milluim; Tanhuma, Korah, ed. Buber, 14
  85. ^ ed. Buber, 2:12
  86. ^ Atlas Tours
  87. ^ Preserved in Avot of Rabbi Natan 12, Sanhedrin 6b, and elsewhere
  88. ^ Kohler 1906, pp. 3–4
  89. ^ Numbers twenty:29
  90. ^ Numbers 20:29
  91. ^ Deuteronomy 34:8)
  92. ^ Deuteronomy 34:8
  93. ^ Sanhedrin 7a
  94. ^ Zebahim 115b
  95. ^ Tanhuma, ed. Buber, Behaalotecha, 6
  96. ^ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001, p. 79
  97. ^ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001, p. 25
  98. ^ Quran 19:53
  99. ^ Quran 37:122
  100. ^ Quran half dozen:84
  101. ^ Quran 37:114-122
  102. ^ Glasse 1989, pp. 9–10
  103. ^ Quran 19:41-53
  104. ^ Ali 1998, p. 773 §=2481
  105. ^ Ali 1998, p. 312 §=904
  106. ^ Bahá'u'lláh & 'Abdu'l-Bahá 1976, p. 270
  107. ^ Baha'u'llah 2003, p. 243
  108. ^ a b Watts 2013[ page needed ]
  109. ^ Kline 2010
  110. ^ Exodus 7:1
  111. ^ National Gallery 2013

References [edit]

  • --- (Atlas Tours). "Aaron'southward Tomb, Petra". Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  • --- (Chabad organisation). "Ethics of the Fathers: Chapter I". Chabad.org . Retrieved August 1, 2014. 1:12 Hillel and Shammai received from them. Hillel would say: Be of the disciples of Aaron--a lover of peace, a pursuer of peace, one who loves the creatures and draws them close to Torah.
  • Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1998). The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary (in English and Arabic). Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. ISBN978-0-940368-31-6.
  • Baha'u'llah (2003) [1861]. The Kitab-i-Iqan: The Volume of Certitude. Translated by Shoghi Effendi. Baha'i Pub. ISBN978-1-931847-08-vii.
  • Bahá'u'lláh; 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1976). Selected Writings of Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'50-Bahá. US Bahá'í Publishing Trust.
  • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (2001) [1979]. Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood: Basic Manual for Priesthood Holders, Part A. Common salt Lake Urban center, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hours Saints.
  • Freedman, David Noel; Brook, Astrid P.; Myers, Allen C., eds. (2000). "Aaron". Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 1–2. ISBN9780802824004.
  • Glasse, Cyril (1989). "Aaron". Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-063123-ix.
  • Gutstein, Morris A. (1997). "Aaron". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
  • Harbour, Brian; Reed, Wilma; Tinsley, William (2005). The Gospel of Luke: Journeying to the Cross (Adult Study Guide). BaptistWay Press. ISBN978-1-931060-69-ane.
  • Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik (1967) [1955]. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by A. Guillaume. Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic republic of pakistan Branch Oxford University Press.
  • Kline, Fred R. (2010). "Aaron, Holy to the Lord". Kline Gallery. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  • Kohler, Kaufmann (1906). "Aaron - In Counterfeit and Rabbinical Literature (Moses and Aaron Compared) & (Death of Aaron)". In Vocaliser, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times: Complete in Twelve Volumes. Ktav Publishing Firm. ASIN B000B68W5S.
  • Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. ISBN978-0-04-297050-9.
  • Mariottini, Dr. Claude (March 17, 2006). "The Priestly Benediction: Numbers half dozen:24-26". Dr. Claude Mariottini – Professor of Quondam Testament . Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  • Mays, James L., ed. (2000) [1988]. The HarperCollins Bible Commentary (Revised ed.). San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN0-06-065548-8.
  • McCurdy, J. Frederic (1906). "Aaron - Biblical Information (Death)". In Vocalizer, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Faith, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from Primeval Times: Consummate in Twelve Volumes. Ktav Publishing House. ASIN B000B68W5S.
  • National Gallery (2013). "The Adoration of the Gilded Calf". National Gallery.
  • Olson, Dennis T. (2000). "Aaron". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (eds.). Eerdmans Lexicon of the Bible (1st ed.). One thousand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-8028-2400-4.
  • Rockwood, Camilla, ed. (2007). "Aaron". Chambers Biographical Lexicon (8th ed.). Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltc. ISBN978-0550-10200-3.
  • Souvay, Charles Léon (1913). "Aaron". In Herbermann, Charles G.; Stride, Edward A.; Fallen, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A — Assize. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Co. pp. 5–seven. ASIN B006UETSQM.
  • Steinmetz, Sol (2005). "kohen". Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms. Lanham, Dr.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 95–96. ISBN978-0-7425-4387-4.
  • VanderKam, James C. (2004). From Joshua to Caiaphas: High Priests subsequently the Exile. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. ISBN0-8006-2617-half-dozen.
  • Watts, James West. (2013). "Illustrating Leviticus: Art, Ritual, Politics". Biblical Reception. 2: 3–15.
  • Wells, John C. (1990). "Aaron". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN978-0-582-05383-0.
  • Wheeler, Brannon (2013). "Tomb of Aaron". usna.edu. United states Naval University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2014.

Further reading [edit]

  • Aberbach, Moses; Smolar, Leivy (June 1967). "Aaron, Jeroboam and the Golden Calves". Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (2): 129–140. doi:10.2307/3263268. JSTOR 3263268.
  • Ginzberg, Louis, ed. (1909–1938). The Legends of the Jews (vii vols.). Translated by Henrietta Szold & Paul Radin. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Lodge of America. LCCN 0901-4182.
  • Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1960). The Religion of Israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile. Translated and abridged by Moshe Greenberg. New York, NY: Schocken Books. LCCN 6000-5466.
  • Kennet, R. H. (Jan 1905). "The Origin of the Aaronite Priesthood". The Journal of Theological Studies (22): 161–186. doi:x.1093/jts/os-VI.22.161.
  • McCurdy, J. Frederic; Kohler, Kaufmann (1901). "Aaron". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls. which cites
    • Numbers Rabbah nine
    • Leviticus Rabbah 10
    • Midrash Peṭirat Aharon in Jellinek's Bet ha-Midrash, 1:91–95
    • Yalḳuṭ Numbers 764
    • Baring-Gould, Sabine (2009) [1871]. Legends of Erstwhile Testament Characters. Vol. Two: From the Talmud and Other Sources. BiblioBazaar. ISBN978-one-1037-2117-seven.
    • Elʻazar ben Asher, ha-Leṿi (1899). The Chronicles of Jerahmeel. translated by M. Gaster. London, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: The Majestic Asiatic Society. pp. 130–133. LCCN 4403-4408.
    • Holweck, Frederick G. (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Volume Co.
  • Meek, Theophile James (April 1929). "Aaronites and Zadokites". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. Chicago, IL: The Academy of Chicago Press. 45 (3): 149–166. doi:x.1086/370226. S2CID 170552287.
  • Meek, Theophile James (1950) [1936]. Hebrew Origins (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 5001-1526.
  • Watts, James W. (Autumn 2011). "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch". Journal of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 130 (3): 417–430. doi:10.2307/41304211. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 41304211. S2CID 44054114.

References in the Qur'an

  • Aaron'south prophecy: 4:163, vi:84,
  • Aaron is made helper of Moses: 19:53, 25:35, 26:xiii, 28:34, 28:35
  • Aaron and Moses sent to Pharaoh: 23:45, 10:75, 10:87, 21:48
  • Praise for Aaron: 37:114, 37:114, 37:118, 37:119, 37:120, 37:122
  • The Golden Calf: 7:150, 20:94

External links [edit]

Israelite religious titles
New title High Priest of Israel
Years unknown 		Succeeded by

Eleazar

armstrongjohe1986.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron

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